Planning has been recognized as an essential preparation for orderly conduct of social and economic activities since early days of human existence. We have planned holidays, social and political events, and, most importantly, business work.
1. Planning Options - Planning under conditions of uncertainty requires a new method; it cannot be done using conventional planning approaches. When operating conditions are stable the best planning practice is to work out and implement the optimal plan. The planning is helpful in decision making.
2. Emergence in Planning - By definition, planning by self-organization means that the plan emerges from the interaction of constituent decision makers and is never imposed on them from higher levels of the hierarchy.
3. Planning Criteria - Conventional planning is optimized using one criterion such as maximum profit, minimum costs or similar, which is applied uniformly to all resources. New methods have been developed for adaptive planning to use multiple criteria for every planning decision and to enable different balance of criteria to be used for different resources.
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